《英語聽力練習》(15)
從錯誤中學習
Mr. Liu
Mr. Liu taught not only English but also Mathematics.
相關連接詞 "not only ... but also" 所連接的元素必須對等，一邊片語 taught English、一邊名詞 Mathematics 是不對等的。把 taught 移出來，那麼剩下 English 與 Mathematics 就對等了。
Mr. Liu taught not only English but also Mathematics.
Each one
Each one takes turns cooking dinner in the evenings.
請參考主詞動詞一致性
【主詞動詞一致性 (Subject-Verb Agreement)】
We have two children.
我們有兩個孩子。
主詞 We 是複數，所以必須用複數動詞 have。
She usually takes the bus to work.
她通常搭公共汽車上班。
主詞 She 是單數、第三人稱、現在式，所以必須用單數動詞 takes。
Designer clothes are definitely worth the extra dollars.
名牌服裝絕對物有所值。
Designer clothes - "名牌服裝"，clothes - "衣服，衣物" 為複數名詞。
Taylor Swift doesn't like Spotify.
泰勒·絲薇芙特不喜歡 Spotify。
主詞 Taylor Swift （泰勒·絲薇芙特）第三人稱、單數、現在式，動詞用 doesn't like （否定形式）。
西洋小天后 Taylor Swift 是一名美國創作歌手、音樂製作人、慈善家、導演及演員。Spotify 是一家線上音樂串流服務平台。
The committee is conducting a preliminary inquiry.
委員會正在進行初步調查。
"The committee - 委員會"，當整體闡釋時是單數，需用單數動詞 is。在過去的15年中，這個城市的生活品質日趨惡化。
The quality of life in this city have changed for the worse in the past 15 years.
The quality of life in this city has changed for the worse in the past 15 years.
主詞 quality 在這裡是個不可數名詞，必須用單數動詞 has。"for the worse" - 變得更糟；變得更差。
不定代名詞 each, anyone, everyone, someone, no one, anybody, everybody, somebody, nobody 永遠是單數!
Anyone who wants to go to college has to pass entrance exams.
任何人要想進入大學必須通過入學考試。
單數主詞 Anyone 需要單數動詞 has。
Somebody is making a lot of money out of it.
有人從中賺了很多錢。
單數主詞 Somebody 需要單數動詞 is。沒有人知道任何事情。
Nobody know anything.
Nobody knows anything.
單數主詞 Nobody 需要單數動詞 knows。
不定代名詞 all, some 為複數或單數 -- 視其所指的名詞為可數或不可數而定。相對地，none 這個不定代名詞可為單數或複數都沒關係，除非句子中有別的人事物來決定它的數。
Some of very best office space in Los Angeles County has been empty for months or more.
洛杉磯縣的一些最優秀的辦公空間，已空了好幾個月或更長時間。
Some 指 space, 空間, 為不可數名詞。所以要用單數動詞 has。
Some of these parks are remote and may be difficult to access.
這些公園有些地處偏遠並且難以進入使用。
Some 指 parks, 公園, 為可數複數名詞。所以要用複數動詞 are。
主詞若含有 or, nor, either ~ or, neither ~ nor, not only ~ but (also) 的時候，動詞要和比較接近動詞的主詞一致。
Either my younger brother or my sisters are going to attend the wedding party.
不是我的弟弟就是我的姐妹們會去參加婚禮。
複數名詞 sisters 比單數名詞 brother 較接近主要動詞， 故用複數動詞 are。
Neither my dad nor my brothers know how to cook.
我爸爸和我兄弟們都不知道怎麼做飯。
複數名詞 brothers 比單數名詞 dad 較接近主要動詞，故用複數動詞 know。
請將正確答案拖放到適當的空格內，再按Solve鈕看結果。
Either they or I am wrong.
Either you or she is wrong.
兩個主詞用 with, but, like, together with, no less than, as well as, in addition to 等連接時，動詞要和第一個主詞一致。
Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.
興奮，伴隨者緊張，是她顫抖的原因。
主詞與動詞如果被介系詞片語分隔，很容易被誤導，例如下句乍看之下在students 之後的動詞會以為是 are，其實 "of students" 是個介系詞片語，修飾名詞 group。
那一組學生明天將去台南。
這裡句子的主詞是 group (不是 students) 所以要用單數動詞 is，不要因為前面的複數名詞 students 而用 are。這裡 group 是個集合名詞，如果該集合名詞是當整體看，用單數動詞。如果該集合名詞是意指一群個體，用複數動詞。
比較上句 "The group of" 與下句 "A group of"
A group of students show an interest in being medical technologists.
一群學生展現出成為醫療技術人員的興趣。
這裡"A group of"是個限定詞，"A group of students"是個名詞片語，作為句子的主詞；因為是複數，所以要用複數動詞 show。
The list of names were not made public.
The list of names was not made public.
主詞 list - "名單，目錄"， 用單數動詞 was。
Here 和 There 起頭的句子
Here 和 There 不能作為句子的主詞，以 Here 或 There 起頭的句子，它的主詞通常出現在句子動詞的後面。
Here are the pros and cons of the three most likely scenarios.
以下是這三種最可能的方案的利弊。
Here 起頭的句子，主詞在後頭，本句主詞為複數 scenarios， 故用複數動詞 are。
"pros and cons" - 利與弊。
There is a man walking down the street.
有一個男人走在街上。
There 起頭的句子，主詞在後頭，本句主詞為單數 a man ， 故用單數動詞 is。
There were three offers and the house sold for close to asking price.
有三個出價，房子以接近要價的價格出售。
There 起頭的句子，主詞在後頭，本句主詞為複數 three offers， 故用複數動詞 were。If cost is a barrier, here is free and low-cost alternatives to therapy.
If cost is a barrier, here are free and low-cost alternatives to therapy.
複數名詞 alternatives - （免費和低成本的治療替代方案）， 用 here are。
Do you want to convert
Do you want to convert a house into rental rooms?
"house" 是單數可數名詞，前面要有限定詞，例如冠詞"a"
People will laugh to someone who is poor, but they will not laugh
People will laugh at someone who is poor, but they will not laugh at a prostitute.
laugh at - 嘲笑，蔑視。請參考“片語動詞： 動詞+介系詞”。
prostitute - 妓女,娼妓。
I have a
I have a little money in my pocket.
money 是不可數名詞，前面量詞用 'a little' 。
'a little' 用於不可數名詞(money)； 'a few' 用於可數名詞 。
【量詞 (quantifiers)】
量詞，顧名思義是表數量(但沒有指出明確數目)的詞。它是一種限定詞，通常置於名詞前面。
如何選用正確的量詞，端看其後面的名詞是可數名詞或不可數名詞而定。例如 many, few, a few, several 只能用於複數可數名詞， much, little, a little 只能用於不可數名詞，而 some, any, enough, lots of 等則可以同時用於複數可數名詞與不可數名詞。
我們以複數可數名詞 books (書) 和不可數名詞 money (金錢) 來舉例：
分別用於可數名詞與不可數名詞的量詞
| 複數可數名詞 | 不可數名詞 |
|---|---|
| a few books | a little money |
| few books | little money |
| several books | a bit of money |
| many books | much money |
I’d like to share a few books that influenced my thinking.
我願意把影響我思唯的幾本書與大家分享。
When I get a little money, I buy books; and if any is left, I buy food and clothes.
當我有了一點錢，我買書籍; 如果還有任何剩餘，我買食物和衣服。
I've been here a long time, so it's a bit of nostalgia to leave.
我來這裡已經很長一段時間了，所離開會有點懷舊的感覺。
不可數名詞 nostalgia - 對往事的懷念，懷舊。
Is it true that some people need only a little hours of sleep?
Is it true that some people need only a few hours of sleep?
hours 是可數名詞，用 a few 修飾。
We know teachers spend quite _______ money out of pocket for classroom expenses.
(A) many (B) a bit of
我們知道老師們會花很多錢自負課堂費用。
量詞 many 不能用於不可數名詞 money 前面。
量詞 few 和 little 都有“少”的意思。few 後面接複數可數名詞；little 後面接不可數名詞。
Few thunderstorms occur in the desert.
在沙漠中很少有大雷雨發生。
thunderstorms 是複數可數名詞。
Little rain falls in the desert.
在沙漠中很少降雨。
rain 是不可數名詞。在我的班上女同學很少。
There are little female students in my class.
There are few female students in my class.
量詞 little 不能用在可數名詞"female students"上。
I need _______ things, but not many.
(A) several (B) a little
量詞 several 適用於複數可數名詞 things。 而量詞"a little"只能用於不可數名詞。
可以同時用於複數可數名詞與不可數名詞的量詞
量詞複數可數名詞不可數名詞
some books some money
any books any money
enough books enough money
all of the books all of the money
none of the books none of the money
lots of books lots of money
a lot of books a lot of money
plenty of books plenty of money
most of books most of money
Do you have any books by J. K. Rowling?
你有J.K.羅琳的任何書籍嗎？
量詞 any 用於複數可數名詞。
I don't have any money to loan you.
我沒有錢借給你。
量詞 any 用於不可數名詞。
對於不可數名詞，我們最常用的量詞是:
以"some"來表示少量
(少量) some water
bread
wine
meat
coffee
Could I have some water?
能給我點水嗎？
以"lots of"或“a lot of"來表示大量
(大量) a lot of
lots of water
bread
wine
meat
coffee
Students spend a lot of money on textbooks.
學生們在教科書上花了很多錢。
不可數名詞 money 前面用量詞 "a lot of"。
對於可數名詞，"some"基本上是不定冠詞(a/an)的複數形式。
單數複數
a girl some girls
an apple some apples
I don't think it's fair for some girls to have plenty of pretty things, and other girls nothing at all.
一些女孩有很多漂亮的東西，而其他女孩一點都沒有，我認為是不公平的。
some 與 plenty of 都是量詞。
本句節錄自經典小說 “Little Women”。
量詞 + of
(量詞) some
any
many
none
a lot
several of
我們用「量詞 + of」表示有限數量的一部分。
Pakistan produces some of the world's finest fabrics.
巴基斯坦生產一些世界上最好的的布料。
Many of my friends have their own cars.
我的很多朋友都擁有自己的車子。
Several of the students left early.
幾個學生早就離開了。
其它常見的量詞
其它常見的量詞Some (有些)， any (任一)
many (很多[數])，much (很多[量])
lots of, a lot of (大量的)；
enough (足夠的)， plenty of (充足的)；
a few (有一些[數])， a little (稍許的[量])；
more (更多的)，most (最多的) ；
fewer (較少的[數])， fewest (最少的[數])；
less (較少的[量])， least (最少的[量])；
every (每一個)，each (各自的)；any (任一)
other (另一個的)， another(另外的)
同學們不妨順便參考由量詞 "some", "any", "every", "no" 與 -body, -one, -thing, -where 所結合而成的複合字。
