2022年9月9日 星期五

英語聽力練習 - 9

 《英語聽力練習 - 9》


【分詞構句(participle sentence)】

英文裡面的分詞構句是指,將一個子句的主詞去掉之後,再用分詞開頭的方式來簡化句型。英文裡面的分詞有兩種,分別是現在分詞(Ving)跟過去分詞(p.p.)。


例:
Hit by a car, the young man was sent to the hospital.
被車撞後,這年輕人被送到醫院。

上面這句話原句其實是下面這句:

The young man was sent to the hospital because he was hit by a car.
這年輕人被送到醫院,因為他被車撞。

有沒有發現,經過英文分詞構句簡化之後,句子變得很簡潔。


但是,你或許會覺得,分詞構句其實對於聽的人反而沒有原句那麼容易好理解,所以在使用分詞構句的時候,要看情況使用喔。


【英文分詞構句文法須知】

另外,並不是所有句子都可以用分詞構句喔。分詞構句通常是由副詞子句簡化的,它是將原本用連接詞連接而且主詞相同的兩個句子做簡化,改成用分詞開頭。如果要使用分詞構句,通常有兩個文法規則:


1. 兩個句子必須有時間或是因果關係,例如連接詞是用and, before, after, when, while, as, because, since,….等連接的句子。


2.兩個句子的主詞必需一樣


例:
Having to get up early, Jenny went to bed at 9:30.
因為要早起,珍妮九點半就去睡了。

上面這句就是分詞構句,這句的原句是下面這句:

例:
Jenny went to bed at 9:30 since she had to get up early.
珍妮就點半就睡了,因為她要早起。

你會發現改成分詞構句的過程中,since she 被省略了


到底要怎樣將句子改成分詞構句呢,基本上步驟如下:


步驟一:找到符合上面兩條文法規則的句子

如果連接詞是and...so等對等連接詞時,將先發生的事情變成分詞構句,也就是以現在分詞(Ving)或過去分詞(p.p.)開頭。如果連接詞是before, after, when, while, as, because, since, …等等,將這些連接詞背後的句子變成分詞構句。


步驟二、將分詞構句的主詞拿掉,改成現在分詞(Ving)或過去分詞(p.p.)開頭


這裡要注意,並不是所有主詞都可以拿掉,如果連接詞是and,because, since, as…等等,可以將主詞拿掉。如果是before, after,則必須看情況,如果拿掉會影響句子意思,就必須保留。


另外如果連接詞是while或是when,則可以拿掉也可以保留。


最後,如果句子是主動語態,分詞構句以現在分詞(Ving)開頭。如果句子是被動語態,分詞構句以過去分詞(p.p.)開頭。


例:
Jenny can’t quit her job because she was a single mother.
珍妮無法辭去工作,因為她是單親媽媽。

上面是原句,連接詞為because,而且前後主詞相同,可以改成分詞構句,並且以現在分詞開頭,而且可以省略主詞。改成分詞構句之後變成如下:

例:
Being a single mother, Jenny can’t quit her job.
身為單親媽媽,珍妮無法辭去工作。


例:
While we were sitting in the restaurant, we watched the people walking by.
當我們坐在餐廳裡,我們看著人群走過。

上面句子改成分詞構句之後變成如下。

例:
(While) Sitting in the restaurant, we watched the people walking by.
坐在餐廳裡,我們看著人群走過。

上面改成分詞構句後,由於連接詞是while,所以可保留也可以省略。


連接詞是and,將先發生的事情變成分詞構句

例如 John had nothing to do, and John felt bored.

John had nothing to do」→ 先發生

可以改成 Having nothing to do, John felt bored.


分詞構句使用的規則如下:

  • 主詞相同的話,要省略一個主詞
  • 在被省略主詞後方的動詞,要改成分詞,也就是 Ving 或 V-ed。
  • 去掉連接詞(and, so, if 等等)


David was tired out, so David went to bed early.
大衛累壞了,就提早入睡了。

→ Being tired out, David went to bed early.

→ Tired out, David went to bed early.

💡 如果動詞是 be 動詞,會改成 being 嘛,這個 being 可以省略、可以不省略,不省略的話更有「因為」的意思喔!

His son didn't work hard, so the old man was very angry.
這位老先生的兒子不努力,因此他很生氣。

→ His son not working hard, the old man was very angry.

💡 這個例句的主詞不同,是獨立分詞構句。獨立分詞構句不需要省略主詞,其他的規則和普通的分詞構句一樣。

The teacher was not happy about the student's performance, so the teacher asked him to try again.
老師對這名學生的表現不滿意,便要他再試一次。

→ Being not happy about the student's performance, ....... 

→ Not (being) happy about the student's performance, ....... ✔︎

💡 變成否定分詞構句的時候,not 要放在前面喔!

We will go picnicking tomorrow if weather permits.
天氣允許的話,我們明天會去野餐。

→ We will go picnicking tomorrow, weather permitting.

💡 這也是獨立分詞構句!

If I am free, I'll do it.

我有空就會做這件事。

→ If free, I'll do it.

Unless I am tired, I won't take a rest.
除非我累了,否則我不會休息。
→ Unless tired, I won't take a rest.

💡 once、if、unless 後面如果句構是 「主詞+be+adj./V-ed」、而且主詞相同的話,也可以做分詞構句的變化。
  • Having done the work, I left early.

    💡 如果分詞片語在句首表示「更早發生的動作」,要使用 Having+V-ed 完成式分詞片語。


  • When tired, I'll take a rest.

    Though having little time left, I still managed to help David.

    💡 when、while、though 也可以做分詞構句喔!

  1. Many scientists doubt the safety of mineral water and encourage people to drink _____ water instead.
    (A) boil
    (B) the boil
    (C) boiling
    (D) boiled

許多科學家懷疑礦泉水的安全性,並鼓勵人們改喝白開水。

2. The CEO's personal experience was itself a ______ story.
(A) touching
(B) touched
(C) touchy
(D) to touch

CEO 的親身經曆本身就是一個感人的故事。
3. ______ such a problem before, the CEO knows how complicated it can be and how long it will take to solve it.
(The CEO 以前""處理過這類的問題)
(A) Dealt with
(B) Dealt in
(C) Having dealt with
(D) Being dealt with

以前處理過這樣的問題,CEO 知道它有多複雜,需要多長時間才能解決。
4. Weather ______, the morning activity will be a hike in the mountains or, for those who are interested in fine art, a visit to the museum.
(A) permits
(B) permit
(C) permitted
(D) permitting

如果天氣允許,早上的活動將是在山上徒步旅行,
或者對於那些對美術感興趣的人來說,參觀博物館。

5. ______ that the boss was standing behind him,
Peter kept speaking ill of him until he found his co-workers' faces changed.
(A) Not knowing
(B) Now knew
(C) Didn't know
(D) Not to know

不知道老闆站在他身後,彼得一直在說他的壞話,直到他發現他的同事臉色都變了。